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VHF Communication Equipment

Using the Radio

Communicating Letters and Numbers

Communicating Time

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

Communicating at Controlled Airports

Lost Communication Procedures

Emergency Communication Procedures

1. VFH Communication Equipment

Very High Frequency (VHF) Radios: Communication radios in general aviation aircraft:

Use the VHF range between 118.0 MHz and 135.975 MHz

Are classified according to the number of channels they have:

A 360-channel radio uses 50 kHz channel spacing (118.05, 118.10, 118.15, and so forth)

A 720-channel radio uses 25 kHz channel spacing (118.025, 118.050, 118.075, 118.100 and so forth)

To receive full ATC services, you need a 720-channel transceiver, particularly in busy terminal areas

VHF Radio Main Controls

Line of Sight

Terrain blocks VHF signals

Aircraft flying at higher altitudes are able to transmit and receive at greater distance:

500 ft. AGL - 28 n.m.

1,000 ft. AGL - 39 n.m.

1,500 ft. AGL - 48 n.m.

2,000 ft. AGL - 55 n.m.

3,000 ft. AGL - 69 n.m.

5,000 ft. AGL - 87 n.m.

10,000 ft. AGL - 122 n.m.

15,000 ft. AGL - 152 n.m.

20,000 ft. AGL - 174 n.m.

2. Using the Radio

Initial Radio Transmissions

As brief as possible

On the initial call, state:

Who you are calling

Who you are 

Where you are

What type of service you are requesting

(Optional) ATIS information

Aircraft Call Signs

When identifying yourself, always provide: 

Aircraft type, model, or manufacturer

Your aircraft registration number

Registration Number:

The first letter of your tail number indicates the country prefix (typically leave this letter out of the call sign in your registered country)

3. Communicating Letters and Numbers

Communicating Clearly and Effectively

Using standard phraseology, terminology, and pronunciation

Using the Phonetic Alphabet when communicating:

Your tail number

Airports

Navaids

ATIS information letters

Using Numbers on the Radio:

Pronounce each number as usual, except for 9, 3, 5

Pronounce each digit individually

For numbers in hundreds or thousands speak the individual digits followed by word "hundred" or "thousand"

500 - Five Hundred

4,500 - Four Thousand Fife Hundred

13,000 - One Tree Thousand

For altitudes at and above 18,000 feet MSL, ddo not use the word "thousand." Instead, preface the altitude with the words "Flight Level" followed by the separate digits, but excluding the last two numbers

Including Decimal Points

Include the decimal in radio frequencies only, not altimeter settings

Use the word "point" where the decimal occurs in the number

122.100 - One Two Two Point One

29.92 (Altimeter) - Altimeter Two Niner Niner Two

121.950 - One Two One Point Niner Fife

Identifying Number 

Transponder - Squawk

Runway - Runway

Heading - Heading

Altimeter Setting - Altimeter

Wind - Wind

Flight Level - Flight Level

Airspeed - knots

4. Communicating Time

Converting Between 12-Hr and 24-Hr Clocks

Use the same number in the morning

Add twelve to the hour in the afternoon

Converting From Local Time to Zulu Time

Communicating Time

When communicating Zulu time:

Pronounce all digits individually

Give exact hours as the number followed by zero zero

Pronounce the leading zero

5. Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

At uncontrolled airports, use the CTF to:

Broadcast your position and intentions to other aircrafts in the rea

Receive airport advisories

Activate pilot-controlled lighting

Locate the CTAF for an airport:

In the Airport/Facility Directory

On aeronautical charts

From the nearest FSS

Using a CTAF

UNICOM

At airports with no tower:

Announce your position and intentions on the UNICOM

Request airport advisories from the UNICOM operator if desired

Request other information or services from the UNICOM operator if needed

Automated UNICOM systems, which are published in the Airport/Facility Directory, provide:

Automated weather, airport advisories, and radio checks

A greeting and instructions on how to access additional information

Self Announce Procedures:

When approaching an airport without a tower UNICOM:

Use the MULTICOM frequency (122.9 MHz)

Announce your position and intensions

When approaching an airport with a closed or part-time tower:

Use the published CTAF frequency

Broadcast your flight activity or ground operations

Follow CTAF Procedures During Arrival and Departure

Approaching an Uncontrolled Airport

Make your initial call when you are 10 miles from the airport

Report when you enter the downwind, base, and final legs of the traffic pattern

Report when you exit the runway

Departing an Uncontrolled Airport

When you start the engine

During taxi

Until you are 10 miles from the airport

Enroute Over an Uncontrolled Airport; Communicate your intentions within 20 miles of the airport, when

You are operating at altitudes used by arriving or departing aircraft

You are enroute over the area

6. Communicate at Controlled Airports

Air Traffic Control Clearance:

Authorize you to proceed under specific traffic conditions within controlled airspace

Are intended to prevent collisions between known aircraft and between aircraft and obstructions

Write down your clearance when there will be a significant delay before you comply, or when the clearance contains multiple instructions

To be sure you have understood correctly, read back your clearance to the controller. You must read back runway assignments and hold-short instructions contained in a taxi clearance

Responding to ATC

Interpreting ATC Instruction

Departure Communication Procedures

Arrival Communication Procedure

7. Lost Communication Procedures

If you are unable to contact ATC:

Ensure that you are using the correct frequency or try a different frequency if one is available

Check the volume and squelch

Check the switch position on your audio control panel

Verify that your mic is plugged into the jack. If you are wearing a headset, ensure that both the speaker and the mic plugs are in the jacks

Try the handheld mic if you are using a headset

If your aircraft is equipped with more than one radio, by the alternate transceiver

If it is within range, request assistance from the last facility you had contact with

If you believe your radio has failed:

Set your transponder to code 7600

Remain outside of Class D airspace until you determine the direction and flow of traffic

Transmit your aircraft type, position, and altitude, and your intention to land, and then request to be controlled by light signals

When you are in the airport traffic pattern:

Self-announce your position when you are on downwind or turning to base

Monitor the airport frequency for landing or traffic information

Maintain visual contact with the tower to receive light signals

Acknowledge tower transmissions or light signals by rocking your wings during the day or blinking your landing or navigation lights at night

Interpreting Light Signals

8. Emergency Communication Procedures

Distress and Urgency Situation

A Distress condition is one in which you are threatened by serious or imminent danger that requireds immdiate assistance, such as fire, mechanical failure, or structural failure

An Uergency condition occurs when you become apprehensive about your safety for any reason, but you do not require immediate assistance. For example, you might become doubtful about your position, fuel endurance, weather, or any other condition that could adversely affect flight safety

Follow Emergency Procedures

In an emergency situation:

Set your radio to 121.5 MHz

Indicate the type of condition you're in

Use the word MAYDAY to indicate a distress condition

Use the words PAN PAN to indicate an urgency condition

Change your transponder code to 7700

Emergency Services

Emergency Locator Transmitter Frequency

False ELT Signals

To minimize false ELT signals, monitor 121.5 MHz 

During flight

Prior to engine shutdown

After maintenance

Maintaining Emergency Locator Transmitters

Test and maintain your ELT according to the manufacturer's instructions

Replace or recharge the battery:

After one-half of th battery's useful life

When the trasmitter has been in use for more than one cumulative hour

Whenever possible, test the ELT in a room that blocks the broadcast of signals

Conduct ELT testing in your aircraft only on the ground and only during the first five minutes after the hour, for no more than three audible sweeps. Do not test your ELT while airborn